Water is vital to all forms of life, especially for human survival, and keeping it clean is more challenging than ever for a densely populated country like Bangladesh. Recently, water has been polluted by many emerging chemicals due to unsustainable developments. People continue to use and degrade the water resource directly through anthropogenic perturbations and indirectly through global climate changes. Our work highlights the connections among water, human health, and sustainable development through investigations into the hydrobiogeochemistry of watersheds, identifying and quantifying emerging pollutants in the food chain and possible health risks, and environmental monitoring and assessments using advanced field techniques, mimic laboratory experiments, and geospatial modeling.